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Sewage Treatment and Disposal

Sewage treatment is one of the most widespread biotechnological processes in Western societies, to deal with the huge amounts of human and animal waste that such societies produce. Sewage treatment methods vary widely, but all have a biological basis to break down the organic material in sewage and convert it into something that can be safely discharged into the environment (usually rivers or seas).

Primary treatment involves the removal by screening of large objects; secondary treatment involves biological treatment, chemical treatment or disinfection for removing the rest of the gross pollutants and the remaining organic matter; tertiary treatment involves further solids removal through filtration and usually disinfection.

WRC: Municipal Effluents Management (Word Document)
This document is a strategic master plan prepared by WRC on the treatment and management of municipal effluents.
http://www.wrc.org.za/wrcprojects/wrcstrategy/Files/effluen2.doc

WRC: Sewage Sludge Disposal (Word Document)
WRC research programme on the crticial appraisal of guidelines (on Permissible Utilisation and Disposal of Sewage Sludge) for sewage sludge disposal.
http://www.wrc.org.za/wrcprojects/wrcstrategy/Files/sludge.doc